Q: What is LANGUAGE?
A1 (Layman Definition): [Language is a means of verbal communication] ß FUNCTION
A2 (Technical Definition): [Language is a system of arbitrary vocal and/or visual symbols] [used by people in a given culture to carry on their social affairs] ß STRUCTURE + FUNCTION
Q: Which one is more important?
A1: They are equally important.
Examples:
Please cut short =/= Please give a short cut
Hi everyone, good night! =/= Good evening, everyone.
Q: Why do we need the “technical definition”?
A: We, as EFL teachers, need to know both the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of LG.
[Language is a system of arbitrary vocal and/or visual symbols]
· system = an organized whole =
(a) components = words +
(b) the way they are organized = syntactic structure
1. She studied English yesterday – System? YES
2. Yesterday English studied she – System? NO
Q: What is LINGUISTICS?
A: A scientific study of Lg.
Q: What aspects of LG?
A: The STRUCTURE + FUNCTION
Q: What is MICRO- and MACRO-LINGUISTICS?
A1: Micro-Linguistics = the study of language without context.
A2: Macro-Linguistics = the study of language in context
A. Micro-Linguistics Unit of Analysis
1. Phonology
2. Morphology
3. Syntax
4. Semantics
B. Macro-Linguistics Unit of Analysis
1. Pragmatics
2. Discourse Analysis
3. Sociolinguistics
4. Ethnolinguistics
Notes: There are other sub-disciplines.
Examples:
(1) From a Grammar Book – in Syntax:
John gave a present to Helen à
John gave Helen a present
Verb Pattern = give sth to s.o à give s.o. sth
(2) Actual utterance in a verbal communication:
Luqman gave the paper to Heru
Q: When?
· arbitrary = mana-suka; se-wenang2 >< iconic
iconic words:
thik – thuk – thek – thok à nithiki, nuthuki, netheki, nothoki
kricik – krucuk – krecek – krocok – kracak
grujug grojog – grajag
Iconic words are words whose sound strongly suggests meaning. Note, however, that this is usually language-specific.
ICONICITY à (a) sound symbolism; (b) onomatopoeia
(a) sound symbolism = sounds suggestive of meanings
(b) onomatopoeia = imitation of sound in nature
Q: How does the rooster crow?
A: Kukuruyuk (Indonesian), Cukurukuk (Javanese), Kongkorongok (Sundanese), Kikiriki (Japanese), Cock-a-doodle-doo (English)
Q: What can we conclude from these examples?
A: Speakers of different LGs perceive sound in nature differently
More examples:
dor-dor-dor : bang-bang-bang
tok-tok-tok : knock-knock-knock
In Javanese, you will find contrast between 2 words spelled the same but pronounced differently:
krecek : krecek
krucuk : krucuk
These are examples of “homographs”, i.e., words spelled the same, pronounced differently, having different meanings
krucuk à grujug
If you compare, for example, between Javanese and English, you will find out that Javanese is much more iconic than English. But, you should recall that most of the lexicon/vocabulary in any LG is arbitrary.
arbitrary = There is NO logical connection between FORM/SOUND and MEANING/CONCEPT.
kata serapan (loan words / borrowings)
Q: Why does one LG borrow words from another LG?
A: It has no such concept.
Presiden ber-pidato di depan Dewan Per-wakil-an Rakyat
The Indonesian original words are ber-,di- depan,per- dan -an
Q: Phonologically what happens to loan words?
A: They udergo/underwent “nativization”.
ilmu hayat
maghrib
isyaa’
shubuh
dhuhur
ashar
guru = di gugu lan di tiru
“jarwa dhosok” = forced interpretation (Becker 1995) – also called “folk etymology”
• Vocal & Visual Symbols =
Vocal Symbols à (A.1.) Speech
Visual Symbols à (A.2.) Writing + (B) Sign Lg
[used by people in a given culture to carry on their social affairs]
“LG exists in Culture, and Culture exists in LG” à
Q: What is the implication on FL teaching?
A: Teaching LG always implies teaching Culture. Therefore, at the English Department, students learn CCU (Cross-cultural Understanding).
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