ENGLISH LINGUISTICS

DAY 2

Q: What is LINGUISTICS?

A: A scientific study of Lg.

Q: What aspects of LG?

A: The STRUCTURE + FUNCTION

Q: What is MICRO- and MACRO-LINGUISTICS?

A1: Micro-Linguistics = the study of language without context.

A2: Macro-Linguistics = the study of language in context

Context à Who is talking to whom, where, when, and for what purpose

speaker + hearer / addressee = interlocutors

“speaking partner” = mitra tutur (dulu, lawan bicara)

In Syntax, e.g.,

          John gave a birthday present to Betty = V + NP + to PP

à John gave Betty a birthday present = V + NP1 + NP2

          John donated some money to the orphanage

à *John donated the orphanage some money

The examples above lead to the conclusion that give has “two patterns” but “donate” has only one pattern.  These are examples of studying “sentence structure” without context.

Now consider the following example.

          The captain gave the master copy to the instructor

This is an example of using a sentence, and hence an utterance, in context.

Micro-Linguistics                  Unit of Analysis

1.    Phonology                    phoneme   

2.    Morphology                 morpheme

3.    Syntax                           phrase & sentence

4.    Semantics                      word & sentence

B.   Macro-Linguistics            Unit of Analysis

1.    Pragmatics                    utterance = tuturan / ujaran

2.    Discourse Analysis      text

3.    Sociolinguistics            speech event = peristiwa tutur

4.    Ethnolinguistics           culturally loaded terms                                                        

Notes: There are other sub-disciplines.

·       Applied Linguistics

·       Psycholinguistics

·       Neurolinguistics

·       Computational Linguistics

·       Biolinguistics

·       Forensic Linguistics

Etc.

Sentence = S à NP VP

·       Every sentence (in English) consists of an NP subject and a VP predicate

·       A sentence can be an abstraction in the sense that it does not have to refer to persons / things / ideas in the real or imaginary world.

Utterance = any linguistic unit produced in the actual act of verbal communication; it can be a word, a phrase, a sentence, or longer than a sentence.  In fact, a “filler” such as hm hm can be considered an utterance.

When talk about a SENTENCE, we are interested in its internal structure; but when we talk about UTTERANCEs, we are interested in speaker meaning.

Sociolinguistics            speech event = peristiwa tutur

Ethnolinguistics           culturally loaded terms

Sometimes there is overlap between these two disciplines, and hence the term “sociocultural” context.

Where do you live?

Di mana     kamu          tinggal ?

                   Anda

                   Bapak

                  

Q: Why did you say … Bapak … ?

A: I feel more polite.

This example tells us that the choice of using Bapak for the addressee is influenced by the social factors, i.e., age, social status, intimacy, etc.

Ibu-ibu di RT saya mengadakan arisan setiap bulan.

Women in our neighborhood hold a lucky draw every month.

RT and arisan are examples of Indonesian-specific and hence culture-specific terms.  They have no lexical equivalents in English-speaking countries.

… The old man usually had breakfast in a small *warung near his house. …

*warung = …

Women in our *RT have an *arisan once a month.

*RT = a small neighborhood community

*arisan = a social get-together where everyone pays some money, and then a “lucky draw” is done producing one or more winners

Sarong, amuck, mango, gamelan, etc … à borrowings in English

arisan, Kliwon, tahlilan, campursari, etct … à foreign words in English

Etymology = history of words

hotdog

sandwich